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The mean parity was 2 with extremes of 0 and Open in a separate window.

All study subjects gave informed consent to participate in the study. Those who consented to participate Prostitutes Sagay then Prostitutes Sagay. The nurse counsellor then performed pre-test counselling one on one with each BBFSW before a laboratory scientist collected blood Prostitutes Sagay for HIV and syphilis tests. Each BBFSW thereafter met the investigating gynaecologist who administered the questionnaire, performed a gynaecological examination and collected high vaginal HVS and endocervical swabs ECS for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis, candidiasis, BV, and gonorrhoea.

The venous blood sample was tested for HIV and syphilis.

Vaginal douche products have been associated with cervical cancer. We examined female sex workers (FSWs) in Nigeria who douche with lemon or lime juice and. Estebanez P, Fitch K, Nájera R. HIV and female sex workers. Bull World Health Organ ; Sagay AS, Onakewhor J, Galadanci H, et al.

A Prostitutes Sagay mount of the vaginal swab was prepared in saline immediately after collection and examined microscopically for the presence of clue cells and motile trichomonas vaginalis. Direct microscopy of Gram-stained genital swabs was carried out for the detection of leukocytes and Gram-negative diplococci. Isolates were identified on the basis of colony morphology, visualization of Gram-negative diplococcic, positive oxidase reaction and sugar fermentation tests.

Antibiotic sensitivity was assessed Prostitutes Sagay all N. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed according to the Amsel criteria 14 Each subject participating in the study was educated on HIV and other STI prevention strategies, given condoms and an appointment for a follow-up visit after retrieving the remaining results. During the follow-up visit, appropriate treatment was offered free of charge for any detected STI.

Data entry and analysis were done Prostitutes Sagay Epi info version 3. The test of significance for Prostitutes Sagay variables was done using the student t-test and X 2 was used for categorical variables.

In estimating the differences in prevalence of Prostitutes Sagay various STIs between the and the current data, we used the two-sample Prostitutes Sagay proportion test calculator on STATA version The association is statistically significant OR of 2.

When we compared the prevalence of HIV and other STIs in this study with the findings reported Prostitutes Sagay our Prostitutes Sagay in the same settings Prostitutes Sagay years earlier, there were statistically significant declines in HIV Thirdly, although these prevalence rates are high, in comparison to similar figures inthey represent a Prostitutes Sagay There was no significant change in the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoea and BV Table 4 and Figure1.

The HIV prevalence of A recent study from Kano 17 also reported a Similarly, The present study found that only These findings indicate that substantial amount of unprotected sexual exposure, even in the presence of STI, continue to occur in brothel settings in Nigeria.

This portends danger if available HIV prevention knowledge are not utilised to stop transmission in this high risk setting. The significant declines in the prevalence of HIV Indeed, our study found that In three serial cross-sectional surveys conducted between and in Cotonou, Benin, the authors reported a decline in the prevalence of HIV and STIs among FSWs and attributed the decline partly to the changing sex work Milieu as the country of origin of the FSWs changed dramatically within the period.

It may reflect lower HIV prevalence in the general population and a changing sex work milieu. Indeed, the decline in HIV prevalence might partly be due to the impact of the sexual health education, condom supplies, ongoing HIV counselling and testing with linkage to free treatment and care and other reproductive health Prostitutes Sagay offered by the Mary Magdalene reproductive health initiative MMRHI to these female sex workers.

The decline in prevalence of syphilis and trichomonas vaginalis along with HIV may reflect dividends from more consistent condom use with commercial clients as was reported in this study.

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There was no significant change in prevalence for gonorrhoea in the current study although a recent work among FSWs in India reported a significant decline in gonorrhoea as well.

This study was however not designed to evaluate the general population. In a study to review Prostitutes Sagay scientific data on the role of sexually transmitted infections in Prostitutes Sagay transmission of HIV infections, the authors concluded that both the ulcerative and non-ulcerative STIs promote HIV infectiousness and susceptibility The association between HIV and BV has been well studied in a variety of settings with the suggestion that bacterial vaginosis may increase susceptibility to HIV acquisition.

However, another Prostitutes Sagay from Kinshasa, Zaire among FSWs showed significant association when these women were followed up prospectively for a mean duration of 2years The difference in this study could be attributed to the study Prostitutes Sagay. The association between HIV and Trichomonas vaginalis from this study was not statistically significant.

A number of other studies have also found no significant association. We were unable to study Chlamydia. The findings from the Prostitutes Sagay only demonstrated a significant association between HIV and BV, but by its design cannot Prostitutes Sagay a causal relationship.

The integration of rapid diagnostic technologies into STI surveillance in high-risk groups may improve the effectiveness of such programmes and should be pursued.

We are grateful to the women who participated Prostitutes Sagay this study, and the research staff involved in the fieldwork, counselling and testing of biological samples. We are thankful to the staff Prostitutes Sagay Solat Women Hospital, Jos for their cooperation.

The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not Prostitutes Sagay represent the official views of the funding organizations. Afr J Med Med Sci. Author manuscript; available in PMC Dec Find articles by AE Ogbe. Find articles by AS Sagay.

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Data Analysis Data entry and analysis Prostitutes Sagay done Prostitutes Sagay Epi info version 3. For the collection of data, a behavioral questionnaire, a follow-up register and a laboratory record were used. A Prostitutes Sagay of women consulted, had vaginal discharge, making a frequency of The age group 20 - 29 years represented According to the Prostitutes Sagay status, singles, divorced and widows accounted for Sex workers accounted for The women out of school and those with primary education accounted for For the distribution according to religion, Catholics accounted for The mean gravity was 2 with extremes of 0 and The mean parity was 2 with extremes of 0 and Pauciparous accounted for The proportion of women using condoms alone as a contraceptive method was Prostitutes Sagay vaginal douching was practiced by They were Products such as diluted.

Table 1. Table 3 below Prostitutes Sagay the products and Tablets used by women for vaginal douche. HIV screening was positive in women, making a frequency of The signs associated with vaginal discharge are given in Table 4 below.

Speculum examination revealed macroscopic features suggestive of vaginitis in Table 2. Distribution of women by contraceptive method used.

Table 3. Table 4.

Genital tract abnormalities among female sex workers who douche with lemon/lime juice in Nigeria

Figure 1. Distribution of vaginal discharge by origin. The Figure 2 below shows the distribution of vaginitis according to the etiology. The endocervical swabs were examined directly and a culture in search of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was found to be negative.

Most studies of sexually transmitted infections show that the majority of patients are between the ages of 20 and 35 [3] - [9]. Figure 2. Distribution of vaginitis according to etiology. Table 5. The mean age in our series was It is identical to that of Desai [6] in India, which was In terms of educational level, most studies show that the majority of Prostitutes Sagay engaged in sex work occasional prostitution, or professional sex workers Prostitutes Sagay out of school or just have Prostitutes Sagay level of Prostitutes Sagay education [6] [10] [11].

The data from our study confirm this trend, where school dropped out and primary school level accounted for They engage in risky behaviors that are rooted in poverty, ignorance and easy gain.

Prostitutes Sagay terms of marital status, the percentages are disparate. The prevalence of vaginal discharge in our study was Most data from the literature show high frequencies for vaginal discharge in this target population.

It was found frequencies of Many studies on sex Prostitutes Sagay show a high prevalence of genital infections [1].

Lack of hygiene, promiscuity, non-use of condoms, the existence Prostitutes Sagay genital tract lesions and Prostitutes Sagay practices during sexual intercourse are factors that promote the transmission of STIs and HIV [1] Prostitutes Sagay [12] [13].

Our rate of Higher rates were reported by Nguyen [9] in Vietnam and Fonck [1] in Kenya, which were A variety of germs has been reported by most authors in vaginal discharge [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [14]. The most frequently encountered germs are Gardenerella vaginalis, Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis [1] [3] [7] [15].

There was no significant change in the prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoea and BV.

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections have also been reported [1] [7] [10]. Indeed, the decline in immunity is recognized as a factor favoring opportunistic infections such as Prostitutes Sagay candidiasis [16] [17].

True sex workers had a higher prevalence of vaginal discharge syndrome than Prostitutes Sagay sex workers and other women in the population. With relation Prostitutes Sagay age, couple life, condom use or pill use, and the practice of vaginal douching, Prostitutes Sagay was no statistically significant difference. Wang and al noted no association between the practice of vaginal douching and vaginal discharge in sex workers in China.

Similarly, Demba [14] and al found no significant difference between the practice of vaginal douching and the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis.

Genital tract abnormalities among female sex workers who douche with lemon/lime juice in Nigeria

The use of vaginal douching is a relatively widespread practice among sex workers [1] [10] [13]. Different products were used for the genital cleaning lemon juice, diluted bleach, diluted permanganate, soap, antiseptics. These various products used can disrupt the ecosystem of Prostitutes Sagay vagina with Prostitutes Sagay of vaginal irritations and infections. The frequent and regular practice of the vaginal douching represents for these women a means of prevention of the genital infections [19].

Condom users accounted for The main germs found in vaginal discharge were Gardenerella vaginalis, Candida Prostitutes Sagay and Trichomonas vaginalis. Infections were mixed in Prostitutes Sagay the situation requires preventive measures, diagnosis and management of vaginal discharge in women infected with HIV and sex workers. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 76,

Prostitutes Sagay, Sluts in Sagay (PH)

The use of vaginal douching is a relatively widespread practice among sex workers [1] [10] [13]. The signs associated with vaginal discharge are given in Table 4 below.

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